---
title: Malachi 2:10 (JPS 1917) — Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profanin… · tree and pragmatics
description: Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers? Who acts: we, fathers. Malachi 2:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.31/)

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# Malachi 2:10 · JPS 1917, sentence 3 of 3

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Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?

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**Who acts:** we, fathers · **What happens:** deal, profane, covenant · **To what, where:** man, covenant

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This is Malachi 2:10 · JPS 1917, sentence 3 of 3 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, fathers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:MAL:31
# text = Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	deal	deal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	treacherously	treacherously	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	profaning	profane	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	covenant	covenant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	fathers	father	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: wh-question
- act: ask
- voice: character
- polarity: neg
- indirect: yes
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deal** | present · do-support | we | every man |  |  |  | against man's brother; treacherously *property* | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **profane** | gerund | we *not said here* | the covenant of our fathers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **covenant** |  | our fathers |  |  |  |  |  | nom covenant «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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הֲל֨וֹא אָ֤ב אֶחָד֙ לְכֻלָּ֔נוּ הֲל֛וֹא אֵ֥ל אֶֽחָ֖ד בְּרָאָ֑נוּ מַדּ֗וּעַ נִבְגַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ בְּאָחִ֔יו לְחַלֵּ֖ל בְּרִ֥ית אֲבֹתֵֽינוּ׃

[Malachi 2:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.2.10/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. [Have we not all one father?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.29/)
2. [Hath not one God created us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.30/)
3. **Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?**

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:MAL:31` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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