--- title: Malachi 1:4 (JPS 1917) — Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and buil… · tree and pragmatics description: Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and build the waste places'; thus saith the LORD of hosts: They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall be called The border of wickedness, and The people whom the LORD execrateth for ever. Who acts: Edom, we, LORD, places. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Edom, we, LORD, places), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:MAL:4 # text = Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and build the waste places'; thus saith the LORD of hosts: They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall be called The border of wickedness, and The people whom the LORD execrateth for ever. 1 Whereas whereas SCONJ IN _ 3 mark _ _ 2 Edom Edom PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 saith say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 23 advcl _ _ 4 : : PUNCT : _ 8 punct _ _ 5 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 8 punct _ _ 6 We we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj:pass _ _ 7 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux:pass _ _ 8 beaten beat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 ccomp _ _ 9 down down ADP RP _ 8 compound:prt _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 11 but but CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 12 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 14 nsubj _ _ 13 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 14 aux _ _ 14 return return VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 8 conj _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 build build VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 conj _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 18 waste waste NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 compound _ _ 19 places place NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 obj _ _ 20 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 8 punct _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 22 thus thus ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 23 saith say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 hosts host NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nmod _ _ 28 : : PUNCT : _ 31 punct _ _ 29 They they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 nsubj _ _ 30 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 31 aux _ _ 31 build build VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 23 ccomp _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ _ 33 but but CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 34 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 36 nsubj _ _ 35 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 36 aux _ _ 36 throw throw VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 31 conj _ _ 37 down down ADP RP _ 36 compound:prt _ _ 38 ; ; PUNCT : _ 43 punct _ _ 39 and and CCONJ CC _ 43 cc _ _ 40 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 nsubj:pass _ _ 41 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 43 aux _ _ 42 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 43 aux:pass _ _ 43 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 36 conj _ _ 44 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 45 border border NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 xcomp _ _ 46 of of ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 47 wickedness wickedness NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 nmod _ _ 48 , , PUNCT , _ 51 punct _ _ 49 and and CCONJ CC _ 51 cc _ _ 50 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 51 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 conj _ _ 52 whom whom PRON WP PronType=Rel 55 obj _ _ 53 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 54 det _ _ 54 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 55 nsubj _ _ 55 execrateth execrate VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 51 acl:relcl _ _ 56 for for ADP IN _ 57 case _ _ 57 ever ever ADV RB PronType=Ind 55 obl _ _ 58 . . PUNCT . _ 23 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - polarity: neg - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Edom | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **beat down** | present · passive | | We | | | | | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | | 3 | **return** | future | we | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **build** | infinitive | we *not said here* | the waste places | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset place=Product | | 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the LORD of hosts | | | | | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **build** | shall | places *= place* | | | | | | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 7 | **throw down** | future | I | | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | | 8 | **call** | shall · passive | | places *= place* | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | | 9 | **execrate** | present | the LORD | the people | | | | | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer whom=Stimulus for ever=Attribute | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֨ר אֱד֜וֹם רֻשַּׁ֗שְׁנוּ וְנָשׁוּב֙ וְנִבְנֶ֣ה חֳרָב֔וֹת כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת הֵ֥מָּה יִבְנ֖וּ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶהֱר֑וֹס וְקָרְא֤וּ לָהֶם֙ גְּב֣וּל רִשְׁעָ֔ה וְהָעָ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־זָעַ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ [Malachi 1:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.4/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:MAL:4` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Malachi 1:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.3/) - next →: [Malachi 1:5 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.5/) - ↑ back to [Malachi 1:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.4/)