---
title: Micah 1:13 (JPS 1917) — Bind the chariots to the swift steeds, O inhabitant of Lachish; she… · tree and pragmatics
description: Bind the chariots to the swift steeds, O inhabitant of Lachish; she was the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion; for the transgressions of Israel are found in thee. Who acts: you, inhabitant, Israel. Micah 1:13 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Micah 1:13 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bind the chariots to the swift steeds, O inhabitant of Lachish; she was the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion; for the transgressions of Israel are found in thee.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, inhabitant, Israel · **What happens:** bind, be, find, transgress · **To what, where:** chariots, beginning, transgressions, thee

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Micah 1:13 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, inhabitant, Israel), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:MIC:14
# text = Bind the chariots to the swift steeds, O inhabitant of Lachish; she was the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion; for the transgressions of Israel are found in thee.
1	Bind	bind	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	chariots	chariot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	swift	swift	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	steeds	steed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	10	discourse	_	_
10	inhabitant	inhabitant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	vocative	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Lachish	Lachish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	beginning	beginning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	sin	sin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	Zion	Zion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
26	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	32	mark	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	transgressions	transgression	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
31	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	aux:pass	_	_
32	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	32	obl	_	_
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bind** | imperative | you *not said here* | the chariots |  |  |  | to the swift steeds; inhabitant of Lachish *vocative* | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent chariot=Patient to steed=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | past | inhabitant | the beginning |  |  |  | of sin; to the daughter of Zion | tree rules |
| 3 | **find** | present · passive |  | the transgressions of Israel |  | thee |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 4 | **transgress** |  | Israel |  |  |  |  |  | nom transgression «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
רְתֹ֧ם הַמֶּרְכָּבָ֛ה לָרֶ֖כֶשׁ יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת לָכִ֑ישׁ רֵאשִׁ֨ית חַטָּ֥את הִיא֙ לְבַת־צִיּ֔וֹן כִּי־בָ֥ךְ נִמְצְא֖וּ פִּשְׁעֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

[Micah 1:13: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MIC.1.13/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:MIC:14` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ← previous: [Micah 1:12 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MIC.13/)
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