---
title: Nahum 2:13 (JPS 1917) — The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for… · tree and pragmatics
description: The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his caves with prey, and his dens with ravin. Who acts: lion. Nahum 2:13 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Nahum 2:13 · JPS 1917

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The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his caves with prey, and his dens with ravin.

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**Who acts:** lion · **What happens:** tear, strangle, fill · **To what, where:** pieces, caves

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This is Nahum 2:13 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:NAM:31
# text = The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his caves with prey, and his dens with ravin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	tear	tear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	whelps	whelp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	strangled	strangle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	lionesses	lioness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	dens	den	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
28	with	with	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	ravin	ravin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tear** | past · do-support | the lion |  |  | pieces |  | for lioness's whelps; enough *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in piece=Trajectory |
| 2 | **strangle** | past | the lion *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for lioness's lionesses | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **fill** | past | the lion *not said here* | lioness's caves and lioness's dens with ravin |  |  |  | with prey | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent cave=Patient with prey=Instrument |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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אַרְיֵ֤ה טֹרֵף֙ בְּדֵ֣י גֹֽרוֹתָ֔יו וּמְחַנֵּ֖ק לְלִבְאֹתָ֑יו וַיְמַלֵּא־טֶ֣רֶף חֹרָ֔יו וּמְעֹֽנֹתָ֖יו טְרֵפָֽה׃

[Nahum 2:13: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/NAM.2.13/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:NAM:31` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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