--- title: Zechariah 2:4 (JPS 1917) — Then said I: 'What come these to do?' And he spoke, saying: 'These —… · tree and pragmatics description: Then said I: 'What come these to do?' And he spoke, saying: 'These — the horns which scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up his head — these then are come to frighten them, to cast down the horns of the nations, which lifted up their horn against the land of Judah to scatter it.' Who acts: I, t --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ZEC.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Zechariah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEC/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEC/2/) / [2:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEC.2.4/) / JPS 1 # Zechariah 2:4 · JPS 1917 Then said I: 'What come these to do?' And he spoke, saying: 'These — the horns which scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up his head — these then are come to frighten them, to cast down the horns of the nations, which lifted up their horn against the land of Judah to scatter it.' **Who acts:** I, these, LORD, horns, man · **What happens:** say, come, do, speak, scatter, lift up · **To what, where:** Judah, head, horns, horn, land · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is Zechariah 2:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, these, LORD, horns), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:ZEC:20 # text = Then said I: 'What come these to do?' And he spoke, saying: 'These — the horns which scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up his head — these then are come to frighten them, to cast down the horns of the nations, which lifted up their horn against the land of Judah to scatter it.' 1 Then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 2 advmod _ _ 2 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _ 4 : : PUNCT : _ 7 punct _ _ 5 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ _ 6 What what PRON WP PronType=Int 10 obj _ _ 7 come come VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 ccomp _ _ 8 these this PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 7 nsubj _ _ 9 to to PART TO _ 10 mark _ _ 10 do do VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 7 advcl _ _ 11 ? ? PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ 12 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ _ 13 And and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 14 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 spoke speak VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 saying say VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 15 advcl _ _ 18 : : PUNCT : _ 20 punct _ _ 19 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 20 punct _ _ 20 These this PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 41 dislocated _ _ 21 — - PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 horns horn NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 appos _ _ 24 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 25 nsubj _ _ 25 scattered scatter VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 acl:relcl _ _ 26 Judah Judah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 obj _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 28 so so SCONJ IN ExtPos=SCONJ 33 mark _ _ 29 that that SCONJ IN _ 28 fixed _ _ 30 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 31 det _ _ 31 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ _ 32 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 aux _ _ 33 lift lift VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 25 advcl _ _ 34 up up ADP RP _ 33 compound:prt _ _ 35 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 head head NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 obj _ _ 37 — - PUNCT : _ 41 punct _ _ 38 these this PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 41 nsubj _ _ 39 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 41 advmod _ _ 40 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 41 aux _ _ 41 come come VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 17 ccomp _ _ 42 to to PART TO _ 43 mark _ _ 43 frighten frighten VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 41 advcl _ _ 44 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 obj _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 46 to to PART TO _ 47 mark _ _ 47 cast cast VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 41 advcl _ _ 48 down down ADP RP _ 47 compound:prt _ _ 49 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 50 det _ _ 50 horns horn NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 obj _ _ 51 of of ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 52 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 53 det _ _ 53 nations nation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 50 nmod _ _ 54 , , PUNCT , _ 56 punct _ _ 55 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 56 nsubj _ _ 56 lifted lift VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 50 acl:relcl _ _ 57 up up ADP RP _ 56 compound:prt _ _ 58 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 59 nmod:poss _ _ 59 horn horn NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 obj _ _ 60 against against ADP IN _ 62 case _ _ 61 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 62 det _ _ 62 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 obl _ _ 63 of of ADP IN _ 64 case _ _ 64 Judah Judah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 62 nmod _ _ 65 to to PART TO _ 66 mark _ _ 66 scatter scatter VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 56 advcl _ _ 67 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 66 obj _ _ 68 . . PUNCT . _ 41 punct _ _ 69 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 41 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: yes/no question - act: narrate - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=character | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | I | | | | then | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **come** | present | these | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **do** | to-infinitive | these *not said here* | | | | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality | | 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | LORD | | | | | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | LORD *not said here* | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **scatter** | past | the horns | | Judah | | | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent judah=Destination | | 7 | **lift up** | past · do-support | no man | LORD's head | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Theme | | 8 | **come** | present · passive | these | | | | then | These *dislocated* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 9 | **frighten** | to-infinitive | these *not said here* | Judah | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer | | 10 | **cast down** | to-infinitive | these *not said here* | the horns of the nations | | | | | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Product | | 11 | **lift up** | past | the horns of the nations | horns's horn | | the land of Judah | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent horn=Theme against land=Destination | | 12 | **scatter** | to-infinitive | the horns of the nations *not said here* | head | | | | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וָאֹמַ֕ר מָ֛ה אֵ֥לֶּה בָאִ֖ים לַֽעֲשׂ֑וֹת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לֵאמֹ֗ר אֵ֣לֶּה הַקְּרָנ֞וֹת אֲשֶׁר־זֵ֣רוּ אֶת־יְהוּדָ֗ה כְּפִי־אִישׁ֙ לֹא־נָשָׂ֣א רֹאשׁ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֤אוּ אֵ֙לֶּה֙ לְהַחֲרִ֣יד אֹתָ֔ם לְיַדּ֞וֹת אֶת־קַרְנ֣וֹת הַגּוֹיִ֗ם הַנֹּשְׂאִ֥ים קֶ֛רֶן אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ יְהוּדָ֖ה לְזָרוֹתָֽהּ׃ס [Zechariah 2:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEC.2.4/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ZEC:20` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Zechariah 2:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ZEC.19/) - next →: [Zechariah 2:5 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ZEC.21/) - ↑ back to [Zechariah 2:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEC.2.4/)