---
title: Zephaniah 1:1 (JPS 1917) — THE WORD of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the… · tree and pragmatics
description: THE WORD of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah. Who acts: WORD. Zephaniah 1:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Zephaniah 1:1 · JPS 1917

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THE WORD of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah.

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**Who acts:** WORD · **What happens:** come, word · **To what, where:** LORD

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This is Zephaniah 1:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (WORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ZEP:0
# text = THE WORD of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hezekiah, in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah.
1	THE	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	WORD	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Zephaniah	Zephaniah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Cushi	Cushi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Gedaliah	Gedaliah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	Amariah	Amariah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	appos	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Hezekiah	Hezekiah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	Josiah	Josiah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	appos	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	Amon	Amon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
40	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	appos	_	_
41	of	of	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
42	Judah	Judah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	nmod	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: fragment
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed form=frag

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the WORD of the LORD in the days of Josiah |  |  |  |  | unto Zephaniah | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **word** |  |  | the LORD |  |  | in the days of Josiah |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient in=obl |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל־צְפַנְיָה֙ בֶּן־כּוּשִׁ֣י בֶן־גְּדַלְיָ֔ה בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִזְקִיָּ֑ה בִּימֵ֛י יֹאשִׁיָּ֥הוּ בֶן־אָמ֖וֹן מֶ֥לֶךְ יְהוּדָֽה׃

[Zephaniah 1:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEP.1.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ZEP:0` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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