---
title: Zephaniah 1:11 (JPS 1917) — Wail, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are und… · tree and pragmatics
description: Wail, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are undone; all they that were laden with silver are cut off. Who acts: you, ye. Zephaniah 1:11 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Zephaniah 1:11 · JPS 1917

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Wail, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are undone; all they that were laden with silver are cut off.

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**Who acts:** you, ye · **What happens:** wail, inhabitant, undo, lade, cut off · **To what, where:** merchant people, people

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This is Zephaniah 1:11 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, ye), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ZEP:10
# text = Wail, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are undone; all they that were laden with silver are cut off.
1	Wail	wail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
4	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	vocative	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Maktesh	Maktesh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
9	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	12	det:predet	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	merchant	merchant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	undone	undo	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	advcl	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
16	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	det	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	laden	lade	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl:relcl	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
23	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
24	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
25	off	off	ADP	RP	_	24	compound:prt	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: command
- act: request
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none, form=imp

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wail** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **inhabitant** |  | ye |  |  |  |  | of Maktesh | tree rules |
| 3 | **undo** | present · passive |  | all merchant people |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **lade** | past · passive |  |  |  |  |  | with silver | tree rules |
| 5 | **cut off** | present · passive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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הֵילִ֖ילוּ יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הַמַּכְתֵּ֑שׁ כִּ֤י נִדְמָה֙ כָּל־עַ֣ם כְּנַ֔עַן נִכְרְת֖וּ כָּל־נְטִ֥ילֵי כָֽסֶף׃

[Zephaniah 1:11: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ZEP.1.11/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ZEP:10` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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