---
title: Identify the principal reason for which a fall constitutes a graver… — When Grandma and Grandad need more help · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which a fall constitutes a graver risk to an elderly person than to a child. Exam question 2 of lesson 23 «When Grandma and Grandad need more help» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each
---

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# Exam question 2 · When Grandma and Grandad need more help

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which a fall constitutes a graver risk to an elderly person than to a child.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, fall · **What happens:** identify, constitute · **To what, where:** principal reason, graver risk

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This is exam question 2 of lesson 23 «When Grandma and Grandad need more help» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/adult-life/23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which a fall constitutes a graver risk to an elderly person than to a child.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	risk	risk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	elderly	elderly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	than	than	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **constitute** | present | a fall | a graver risk |  |  |  | for the principal reason; to a elderly person; than a child | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme risk=Pivot |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The elderly invariably fall from a considerably greater height

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help:e2:o1:1
# text = The elderly invariably fall from a considerably greater height
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	elderly	elderly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
3	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	fall	fall	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	considerably	considerably	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	height	height	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | present | the elderly |  |  | a greater height |  | invariably *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from height=Initial\_Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The elderly are not permitted to receive hospital treatment

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help:e2:o2:1
# text = The elderly are not permitted to receive hospital treatment
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	elderly	elderly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	permitted	permit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	receive	receive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	treatment	treatment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **permit** | present · passive |  | the elderly |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **receive** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | hospital treatment |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent treatment=Theme |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bones of the elderly are thinner and fracture more readily

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help:e2:o3:1
# text = The bones of the elderly are thinner and fracture more readily
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	elderly	elderly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	thinner	thin	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	fracture	fracture	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
10	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
11	readily	readily	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the bones of the elderly |  |  |  |  | thin *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **fracture** | present | the bones of the elderly *not said here* |  |  |  |  | readily *property* | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Children are immune from injury of any description

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:23-when-grandma-and-grandad-need-more-help:e2:o4:1
# text = Children are immune from injury of any description
1	Children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	immune	immune	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
8	description	description	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Children |  |  | injury of any description |  | immune *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **injure** |  |  | any description |  |  |  |  | nom injury «state transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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