---
title: Identify the principal distinction between a person who has been cha… — Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes an… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal distinction between a person who has been charged with an offence and a person who has been convicted of it. Exam question 2 of lesson 47 «Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmat
---

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# Exam question 2 · Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal distinction between a person who has been charged with an offence and a person who has been convicted of it.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, charge, convict · **To what, where:** principal distinction, person

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This is exam question 2 of lesson 47 «Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/adult-life/47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal distinction between a person who has been charged with an offence and a person who has been convicted of it.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	distinction	distinction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	charged	charge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
18	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	convicted	convict	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal distinction |  |  |  | between a person | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent distinction=Theme |
| 2 | **charge** | present · perfect · passive |  | a person |  |  |  | with a offence and a person | vn equip-13.4.2 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: subject=Recipient with offence=Theme |
| 3 | **convict** | present · perfect · passive |  | a person |  |  |  | of person | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The former has paid a fine, whereas the latter has been released

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies:e2:o1:1
# text = The former has paid a fine, whereas the latter has been released
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	released	release	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | present · perfect · passive |  | the former |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Recipient fine=Asset |
| 2 | **release** | present · perfect · passive |  | the latter |  |  |  |  | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Source |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The former has been found guilty, whereas the latter has merely been accused

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies:e2:o2:1
# text = The former has been found guilty, whereas the latter has merely been accused
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	nsubj	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
12	merely	merely	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | the former |  |  |  | guilty *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **accuse** | present · perfect · passive |  | the latter |  |  |  | merely *property* | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There exists no distinction between the two

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies:e2:o3:1
# text = There exists no distinction between the two
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	exists	exist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	distinction	distinction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exist** | present |  | no distinction |  | there |  | between the two | tree rules |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The former has been accused, whereas the latter has been found guilty

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies:e2:o4:1
# text = The former has been accused, whereas the latter has been found guilty
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
13	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | present · perfect · passive |  | the former |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | the latter |  |  |  | guilty *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes an…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/adult-life/47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies/e1/)
- next →: [Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes an…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/adult-life/47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/adult-life/47-viral-rumours-cancellations-fakes-and-apologies/)