---
title: Which of the following most accurately characterises inflation? — When money is tight · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately characterises inflation? Exam question 1 of lesson 9 «When money is tight» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 1 · When money is tight

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately characterises inflation?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 9 «When money is tight» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/adult-life/9-when-money-is-tight/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:9-when-money-is-tight:e1:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately characterises inflation?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	case	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  |  |  |  |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A tax levied upon the purchase of goods

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:9-when-money-is-tight:e1:o1:1
# text = A tax levied upon the purchase of goods
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tax	tax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	levied	levy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	purchase	purchase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **levy** | participle |  | a tax *not said here* |  |  |  | upon the purchase of goods | tree rules |
| 2 | **purchase** |  |  | goods |  |  |  |  | nom purchase «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Interest paid upon sums held on deposit

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:9-when-money-is-tight:e1:o2:1
# text = Interest paid upon sums held on deposit
1	Interest	interest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sums	sum	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	deposit	deposit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | participle |  | Interest *not said here* |  |  |  | upon sums | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hold** | participle |  | sums *not said here* |  | deposit |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on deposit=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A general fall in prices, whereby a given sum purchases more

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:9-when-money-is-tight:e1:o3:1
# text = A general fall in prices, whereby a given sum purchases more
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	sum	sum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	purchases	purchase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **purchase** | present | a general fall in prices |  |  |  |  | whereby *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A general rise in prices, whereby a given sum purchases less

```conllu
# sent_id = question:adult-life:9-when-money-is-tight:e1:o4:1
# text = A general rise in prices, whereby a given sum purchases less
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	sum	sum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	purchases	purchase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **purchase** | present | a general rise in prices |  |  |  |  | less, whereby *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [When money is tight, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/adult-life/9-when-money-is-tight/t11/)
- next →: [When money is tight, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/adult-life/9-when-money-is-tight/e2/)
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