---
title: Identify the principal reason for which a conversational program may… — How a language model learns: guessing… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which a conversational program may state the time incorrectly. Exam question 2 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mo
---

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# Exam question 2 · How a language model learns: guessing the next word

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which a conversational program may state the time incorrectly.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, conversational program · **What happens:** identify, state · **To what, where:** principal reason

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/ai/2-guessing-the-next-word/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which a conversational program may state the time incorrectly.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	conversational	conversational	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	program	program	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	state	state	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	incorrectly	incorrectly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **state** *speech: other* | may | a conversational program |  |  |  | time | for the principal reason; incorrectly *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is required by regulation to conceal the correct time from its users

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:e2:o1:1
# text = It is required by regulation to conceal the correct time from its users
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	regulation	regulation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	conceal	conceal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	correct	correct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	users	user	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** | present · passive | regulation | It |  |  |  |  | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **conceal** | to-infinitive | regulation *not said here* |  |  | regulation's users | time |  | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent from user=Beneficiary |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It computes time solely from the position of the Moon

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:e2:o2:1
# text = It computes time solely from the position of the Moon
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	computes	compute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compute** | present | It |  |  | the position of the Moon | time | solely *property* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent from position=Material |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It may lack access to a clock, its knowledge being confined to text gathered before a certain date

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:e2:o3:1
# text = It may lack access to a clock, its knowledge being confined to text gathered before a certain date
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	lack	lack	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	access	access	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	clock	clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	confined	confine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	gathered	gather	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	before	before	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	date	date	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lack** | may | It | access |  |  |  | to a clock | tree rules |
| 2 | **confine** | gerund · passive |  | clock's knowledge |  | text |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to text=Destination |
| 3 | **gather** | participle |  | text *not said here* |  |  | before a certain date |  | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It deliberately misleads every user in respect of the time

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:e2:o4:1
# text = It deliberately misleads every user in respect of the time
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	deliberately	deliberately	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	misleads	mislead	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	user	user	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mislead** | present | It | every user |  | respect of the time |  | deliberately *property* | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent user=Patient |
| 2 | **respect** |  |  | the time |  |  |  |  | nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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