---
title: "bots are just parrots, they copy and paste, end of" Is that fair? — How a language model learns: guessing… · tree and pragmatics
description: "bots are just parrots, they copy and paste, end of" Is that fair? Test 3 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 3 · How a language model learns: guessing the next word

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"bots are just parrots, they copy and paste, end of" Is that fair?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** bots, end · **What happens:** be, copy · **To what, where:** parrots, paste, end

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 3 of lesson 2 «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the AI course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/ai/2-guessing-the-next-word/#t3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:t3:1
# text = "bots are just parrots, they copy and paste, end of" Is that fair?
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	bots	bot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	just	just	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	parrots	parrot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	copy	copy	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	paste	paste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
13	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	_
15	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	nsubj	_	_
17	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | bots | parrots |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **copy** *in a quote* | present | bots *= bot* | paste |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paste=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | end | end *not said here* |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not quite; they mix patterns into new sentences, though they learned from people

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:t3:o1:1
# text = Not quite; they mix patterns into new sentences, though they learned from people
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
2	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	mix	mix	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	sentences	sentence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mix** | present | they | patterns |  |  |  | into new sentences | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent pattern=Patient into sentence=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **learn** | past | patterns *= pattern* |  |  |  |  | from people | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from people=Source |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, every answer is copied word for word

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:t3:o2:1
# text = Yes, every answer is copied word for word
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	copied	copy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | every answer | copied word |  |  |  | for word | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, bots invent everything with no help from people

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:t3:o3:1
# text = No, bots invent everything with no help from people
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	bots	bot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	invent	invent	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	4	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invent** | present | bots | everything |  |  |  | with no help from people | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everything=Result |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, they are actual birds inside a computer

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:2-guessing-the-next-word:t3:o4:1
# text = Yes, they are actual birds inside a computer
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	actual	actual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | they | actual birds |  | a computer |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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