---
title: It is given that one program asserts a statement and a second progra… — Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes… · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that one program asserts a statement and a second program asserts its contrary. Which of the following conclusions is necessarily valid? Exam question 1 of lesson 32 «Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that one program asserts a statement and a second program asserts its contrary. Which of the following conclusions is necessarily valid?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** one program, second program · **What happens:** give, assert, follow, be · **To what, where:** It, statement, contrary

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 32 «Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/#e1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that one program asserts a statement and a second program asserts its contrary.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:1
# text = It is given that one program asserts a statement and a second program asserts its contrary.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	program	program	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	asserts	assert	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	13	amod	_	_
13	program	program	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	asserts	assert	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	contrary	contrary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **assert** | present | one program | a statement |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Theme |
| 3 | **assert** | present | a second program | program's contrary |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent contrary=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Which of the following conclusions is necessarily valid?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:2
# text = Which of the following conclusions is necessarily valid?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	necessarily	necessarily	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	valid	valid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | necessarily, valid *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Both programs are necessarily incorrect

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:o1:1
# text = Both programs are necessarily incorrect
1	Both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	programs	program	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	necessarily	necessarily	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	incorrect	incorrect	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | both programs |  |  |  |  | incorrect, necessarily *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two programs cannot both be correct

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:o2:1
# text = The two programs cannot both be correct
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	programs	program	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
6	both	both	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
8	correct	correct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | can | the two programs |  |  |  |  | both, correct *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Both programs are necessarily correct

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:o3:1
# text = Both programs are necessarily correct
1	Both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	programs	program	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	necessarily	necessarily	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	correct	correct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | both programs |  |  |  |  | correct, necessarily *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The program that answered first is correct

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e1:o4:1
# text = The program that answered first is correct
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	program	program	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	answered	answer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	advmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	correct	correct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | the program |  |  |  |  | first *property* | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | the program |  |  |  |  | correct *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes…, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/t11/)
- next →: [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/)