---
title: Identify the statement which, if spoken, could be uttered neither by… — Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the statement which, if spoken, could be uttered neither by one who always tells the truth nor by one who always lies. Exam question 3 of lesson 32 «Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the que
---

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# Exam question 3 · Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the statement which, if spoken, could be uttered neither by one who always tells the truth nor by one who always lies.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, speak, utter, tell, lie · **To what, where:** statement, truth · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is exam question 3 of lesson 32 «Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★» of the AI course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e3:1
# text = Identify the statement which, if spoken, could be uttered neither by one who always tells the truth nor by one who always lies.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	uttered	utter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
12	neither	neither	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
16	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	17	advmod	_	_
17	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	22	cc	_	_
21	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	conj	_	_
23	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
24	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	25	advmod	_	_
25	lies	lie	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the statement |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* *a condition, not said to happen* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **utter** *speech: other* | could · passive |  |  |  |  |  | by one; neither *property* | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S» |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present |  | the truth |  |  |  | always *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |
| 5 | **lie** | present |  |  |  |  |  | always *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I am a liar."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e3:o1:1
# text = "I am a liar."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
3	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	liar	liar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | I | a liar |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"The grass is purple."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e3:o2:1
# text = "The grass is purple."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the grass |  |  |  |  | purple *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I always tell the truth."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e3:o3:1
# text = "I always tell the truth."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	4	advmod	_	_
4	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | present | I | the truth |  |  |  | always *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"The sky is blue."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ai:32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages:e3:o4:1
# text = "The sky is blue."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the sky |  |  |  |  | blue *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/e2/)
- next →: [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky mes…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Olympiad: claims, clues and tricky messages ★★★](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/ai/32-olympiad-claims-clues-and-tricky-messages/)