---
title: Identify the principal cause of the appearance of persons as dark si… — Photography and phone cameras · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal cause of the appearance of persons as dark silhouettes in a photograph taken outdoors. Exam question 1 of lesson 20 «Photography and phone cameras» of the arts course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's c
---

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# Exam question 1 · Photography and phone cameras

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal cause of the appearance of persons as dark silhouettes in a photograph taken outdoors.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, take, cause · **To what, where:** principal cause, photograph, appearance

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 20 «Photography and phone cameras» of the arts course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:arts:20-photography-and-phone-cameras:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal cause of the appearance of persons as dark silhouettes in a photograph taken outdoors.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	silhouettes	silhouette	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	photograph	photograph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	outdoors	outdoors	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal cause of the appearance of persons as dark silhouettes in a photograph |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent cause=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | participle |  | a photograph *not said here* |  |  |  | outdoors *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cause** |  |  | the appearance of persons as dark silhouettes in a photograph |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The insufficiency of colour within the sensor of the camera employed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:arts:20-photography-and-phone-cameras:e1:o1:1
# text = The insufficiency of colour within the sensor of the camera employed
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insufficiency	insufficiency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sensor	sensor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	camera	camera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | participle |  | the camera *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The presence of rain at the time of exposure

```conllu
# sent_id = question:arts:20-photography-and-phone-cameras:e1:o2:1
# text = The presence of rain at the time of exposure
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	presence	presence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	exposure	exposure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The placing of a bright source of light behind the subjects

```conllu
# sent_id = question:arts:20-photography-and-phone-cameras:e1:o3:1
# text = The placing of a bright source of light behind the subjects
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	placing	placing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	subjects	subject	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A defect in the manufacture of the camera

```conllu
# sent_id = question:arts:20-photography-and-phone-cameras:e1:o4:1
# text = A defect in the manufacture of the camera
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	defect	defect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	manufacture	manufacture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	camera	camera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **manufacture** |  |  | the camera |  |  |  |  | nom manufacture «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Photography and phone cameras, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/t11/)
- next →: [Photography and phone cameras, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Photography and phone cameras](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/)