---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Rivers, lakes and ponds · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the survival of fish beneath the ice of a frozen lake? Exam question 1 of lesson 10 «Rivers, lakes and ponds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mo
---

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# Exam question 1 · Rivers, lakes and ponds

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the survival of fish beneath the ice of a frozen lake?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, freeze, survive · **To what, where:** survival, fish

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 10 «Rivers, lakes and ponds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the survival of fish beneath the ice of a frozen lake?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	survival	survival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the survival of fish |  |  |  | of the following statements; beneath the ice of a frozen lake; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **freeze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **survive** |  |  | fish |  |  |  |  | nom survival «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water attains its greatest density at approximately four degrees Celsius, whereby colder water and ice remain at the surface and the water beneath remains liquid

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds:e1:o1:1
# text = Water attains its greatest density at approximately four degrees Celsius, whereby colder water and ice remain at the surface and the water beneath remains liquid
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	attains	attain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	greatest	great	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	density	density	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	approximately	approximately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
10	Celsius	Celsius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
13	colder	cold	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	amod	_	_
14	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	remain	remain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
24	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	26	compound	_	_
26	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attain** | present | Water | Water's greatest density |  | four degrees  Celsius |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent density=Theme at degree=Asset |
| 2 | **remain** | present | colder water and ice |  |  | the surface and the water |  | beneath remains liquid; whereby *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at surface=Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fish freeze entirely and are revived in spring

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds:e1:o2:1
# text = The fish freeze entirely and are revived in spring
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	freeze	freeze	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	revived	revive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | present | the fish |  |  |  |  | entirely *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **revive** | present · passive | the fish *not said here* |  |  |  | spring |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V» |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fish generate sufficient bodily heat to melt the ice

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds:e1:o3:1
# text = The fish generate sufficient bodily heat to melt the ice
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	generate	generate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	bodily	bodily	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	melt	melt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **generate** | present | the fish | sufficient bodily heat |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Patient |
| 2 | **melt** | to-infinitive | the fish *not said here* | the ice |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient ice=Result |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fish migrate to the sea prior to the onset of winter

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:10-rivers-lakes-and-ponds:e1:o4:1
# text = The fish migrate to the sea prior to the onset of winter
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	migrate	migrate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	onset	onset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **migrate** | present | the fish |  |  |  |  | to the sea; prior the onset of winter | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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