---
title: Identify the principal reason for which certain mangrove species dev… — Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which certain mangrove species develop erect aerial roots. Exam question 1 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice wa
---

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# Exam question 1 · Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which certain mangrove species develop erect aerial roots.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, certain mangrove species · **What happens:** identify, develop · **To what, where:** principal reason, erect aerial roots

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which certain mangrove species develop erect aerial roots.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	obl	_	_
7	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	mangrove	mangrove	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	species	species	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	develop	develop	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	erect	erect	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	aerial	aerial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **develop** | present | certain mangrove species | erect aerial roots |  |  |  | for the principal reason | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent root=Product for which=Beneficiary |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To obtain air, the saturated saline mud being almost devoid of oxygen

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e1:o1:1
# text = To obtain air, the saturated saline mud being almost devoid of oxygen
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	obtain	obtain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
3	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	saturated	saturate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
7	saline	saline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
9	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	cop	_	_
10	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	devoid	devoid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **obtain** | to-infinitive |  | air and the saturated saline mud |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset air=Theme |
| 2 | **saturate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | of oxygen; almost, devoid *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To repel herbivorous mammals from the base of the trunk

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e1:o2:1
# text = To repel herbivorous mammals from the base of the trunk
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	repel	repel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	herbivorous	herbivorous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	mammals	mammal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	base	base	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	trunk	trunk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **repel** | to-infinitive |  | herbivorous mammals |  | the base of the trunk |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus mammal=Experiencer |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To absorb fresh rainwater prior to its contamination by the salt of the tide

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e1:o3:1
# text = To absorb fresh rainwater prior to its contamination by the salt of the tide
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	absorb	absorb	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	rainwater	rainwat	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
5	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	contamination	contamination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	tide	tide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absorb** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | prior its contamination; by the salt of the tide; fresh, rainwat *property* | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal |
| 2 | **contaminate** |  | its *= it* |  |  |  |  |  | nom contamination «state transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To capture marine organisms as a source of nourishment

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e1:o4:1
# text = To capture marine organisms as a source of nourishment
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	capture	capture	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	marine	marine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	organisms	organism	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	nourishment	nourishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **capture** | to-infinitive |  | marine organisms |  |  |  | as a source of nourishment | vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent organism=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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