---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of peat? Exam question 2 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wron
---

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# Exam question 2 · Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of peat?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** formation

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of peat?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	peat	peat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the formation of peat |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is formed instantaneously by volcanic activity beneath bogs

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e2:o1:1
# text = It is formed instantaneously by volcanic activity beneath bogs
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	instantaneously	instantaneously	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	activity	activity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	bogs	bog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present · passive | volcanic activity | It |  |  |  | beneath bogs; instantaneously *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is composed principally of the remains of marine animals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e2:o2:1
# text = It is composed principally of the remains of marine animals
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	composed	compose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	principally	principally	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	marine	marine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compose** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | of the remains of marine animals; principally *property* | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It accumulates at about one millimetre per annum from incompletely decomposed vegetation

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e2:o3:1
# text = It accumulates at about one millimetre per annum from incompletely decomposed vegetation
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	accumulates	accumulate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	about	about	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	millimetre	millimetre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	per	per	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	annum	annum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	incompletely	incompletely	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	decomposed	decompose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accumulate** | present | It |  |  | one millimetre per annum |  | from decomposed vegetation | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from vegetation=Source |
| 2 | **decompose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | incompletely *property* | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is deposited annually by rivers in flood at about one metre per annum

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs:e2:o4:1
# text = It is deposited annually by rivers in flood at about one metre per annum
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	deposited	deposit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	annually	annually	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	about	about	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	metre	metre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
13	per	per	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	annum	annum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deposit** | present · passive | rivers | It |  | flood |  | at one metre per annum; annually *property* | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in flood=Destination |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/e1/)
- next →: [Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/)