---
title: Gran says sparrows are everywhere in London, always have been. Is th… — The city as a habitat · tree and pragmatics
description: Gran says sparrows are everywhere in London, always have been. Is that true now? Test 11 of lesson 14 «The city as a habitat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 11 · The city as a habitat

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gran says sparrows are everywhere in London, always have been. Is that true now?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** Gran, sparrows, that · **What happens:** say, be · **To what, where:** London · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 of lesson 14 «The city as a habitat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/#t11).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Gran says sparrows are everywhere in London, always have been.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:1
# text = Gran says sparrows are everywhere in London, always have been.
1	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sparrows	sparrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	ccomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	11	advmod	_	_
10	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	been	be	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Gran |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | present | sparrows |  |  | London |  | everywhere *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** | present · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | always *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Is that true now?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:2
# text = Is that true now?
1	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | that |  |  |  | now | true *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, there are more than ever

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:o1:1
# text = Yes, there are more than ever
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	4	expl	_	_
4	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	nsubj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | more |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, they are the commonest bird on Earth and always will be

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:o2:1
# text = Yes, they are the commonest bird on Earth and always will be
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	commonest	common	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
11	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	13	advmod	_	_
12	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | they | the commonest bird |  | Earth |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, they were never in London at all, as sparrows only live in the countryside on farms

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:o3:1
# text = No, they were never in London at all, as sparrows only live in the countryside on farms
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	sparrows	sparrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
13	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	countryside	countryside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | past | they |  |  | London |  | at all | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | London |  |  | the countryside |  | on farms | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in countryside=Location |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, they have become much rarer in some cities, and the cause is still studied

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:14-the-city-as-a-habitat:t11:o4:1
# text = No, they have become much rarer in some cities, and the cause is still studied
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	much	much	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	rarer	rare	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
16	still	still	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	studied	study	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · perfect | they |  |  |  |  | rare *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **study** | present · passive |  | the cause |  |  | still |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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