---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The Amazon canopy: howlers, harpy eagl… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the source of the poison of wild poison dart frogs? Exam question 3 of lesson 156 «The Amazon canopy: howlers, harpy eagles, toucans, dart frogs and sloth gardens» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree
---

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# Exam question 3 · The Amazon canopy: howlers, harpy eagles, toucans, dart fr…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the source of the poison of wild poison dart frogs?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** source

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 156 «The Amazon canopy: howlers, harpy eagles, toucans, dart frogs and sloth gardens» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/156-the-amazon-canopy/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:156-the-amazon-canopy:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the source of the poison of wild poison dart frogs?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
16	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	dart	dart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the source of the poison of wild dart frogs |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is absorbed from the water of the bromeliad

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:156-the-amazon-canopy:e3:o1:1
# text = It is absorbed from the water of the bromeliad
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	absorbed	absorb	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bromeliad	bromeliad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absorb** | present · passive |  | It |  | the water of the bromeliad |  |  | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from water=Source |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is acquired from the leaves upon which the frogs rest, and soaked up through the skin

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:156-the-amazon-canopy:e3:o2:1
# text = It is acquired from the leaves upon which the frogs rest, and soaked up through the skin
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	acquired	acquire	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	rest	rest	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	soaked	soak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
15	up	up	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	through	through	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **acquire** | present · passive |  | It |  | the leaves |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from leaf=Source |
| 2 | **rest** | present | the frogs |  |  | the leaves |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent upon which=Location |
| 3 | **soak up** | participle |  |  |  | the skin |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is produced from the absorption of sunlight

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:156-the-amazon-canopy:e3:o3:1
# text = It is produced from the absorption of sunlight
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	produced	produce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	absorption	absorption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **produce** | present · passive |  | It |  | the absorption of sunlight |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from absorption=Material |
| 2 | **absorb** |  |  | sunlight |  |  |  |  | nom absorption «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is derived from the ants and mites consumed by the frogs

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:156-the-amazon-canopy:e3:o4:1
# text = It is derived from the ants and mites consumed by the frogs
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	derived	derive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ants	ant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	mites	mite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	consumed	consume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **derive** | present · passive |  | It |  | the ants and mites |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from ant=Material |
| 2 | **consume** | participle |  | the ants and mites *not said here* |  |  |  | by the frogs | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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