---
title: Identify the principal defensive behaviour adopted by a herd of musk… — The Arctic tundra: musk oxen, arctic f… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal defensive behaviour adopted by a herd of musk oxen upon the approach of wolves. Exam question 1 of lesson 168 «The Arctic tundra: musk oxen, arctic foxes, snowy owls and the truth about lemmings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and prag
---

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# Exam question 1 · The Arctic tundra: musk oxen, arctic foxes, snowy owls and…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal defensive behaviour adopted by a herd of musk oxen upon the approach of wolves.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, wolves · **What happens:** identify, adopt, approach · **To what, where:** principal defensive behaviour

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 168 «The Arctic tundra: musk oxen, arctic foxes, snowy owls and the truth about lemmings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal defensive behaviour adopted by a herd of musk oxen upon the approach of wolves.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	defensive	defensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	adopted	adopt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	herd	herd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	musk	musk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	oxen	ox	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
13	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	approach	approach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	wolves	wolf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal defensive behaviour |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent behaviour=Theme |
| 2 | **adopt** | participle |  | the principal defensive behaviour *not said here* |  |  |  | by a herd of musk oxen upon the approach of wolves | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **approach** |  | wolves |  |  |  |  |  | nom approach «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The formation of a ring with the calves enclosed and the horns outwards

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings:e1:o1:1
# text = The formation of a ring with the calves enclosed and the horns outwards
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	enclosed	enclose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
13	outwards	outwards	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enclose** | past | the formation of a ring with the calves |  |  |  |  | outwards *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dispersal of the herd in all directions

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings:e1:o2:1
# text = Dispersal of the herd in all directions
1	Dispersal	dispersal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	herd	herd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	directions	direction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disperse** |  |  | the herd |  | all directions |  |  | nom dispersal «act transitive»: of=patient in=place |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Feigning death upon the ground

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings:e1:o3:1
# text = Feigning death upon the ground
1	Feigning	feign	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feign** | gerund |  | death |  |  |  | upon the ground | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent death=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The concealment of the calves within burrows excavated in the snow

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:168-the-arctic-tundra-musk-oxen-arctic-foxes-and-the-truth-about-lemmings:e1:o4:1
# text = The concealment of the calves within burrows excavated in the snow
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	concealment	concealment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	burrows	burrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	excavated	excavate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **excavate** | participle |  | burrows *not said here* |  | the snow |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in snow=Location |
| 2 | **conceal** |  |  | the calves within burrows |  |  |  |  | nom concealment «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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