---
title: Identify the principal method by which the age of the Greenland shar… — The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal method by which the age of the Greenland shark has been estimated. Exam question 1 of lesson 169 «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the qu
---

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# Exam question 1 · The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark a…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal method by which the age of the Greenland shark has been estimated.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, principal method · **What happens:** identify, estimate · **To what, where:** principal method, age

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 169 «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal method by which the age of the Greenland shark has been estimated.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Greenland	Greenland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal method |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent method=Theme |
| 2 | **estimate** | present · perfect · passive | the principal method | the age of the Greenland shark |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent subject=Value |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The testimony of fishermen

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth:e1:o1:1
# text = The testimony of fishermen
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	testimony	testimony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	fishermen	fisherman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **testify** |  | fishermen |  |  |  |  |  | nom testimony «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The analysis of a radiocarbon record contained within the lens of the eye

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth:e1:o2:1
# text = The analysis of a radiocarbon record contained within the lens of the eye
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	analysis	analysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	radiocarbon	radiocarbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	contained	contain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	within	within	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	lens	lens	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | participle |  | a radiocarbon record *not said here* |  |  |  | within the lens of the eye | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **analyze** |  |  | a radiocarbon record |  |  |  |  | nom analysis «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The measurement of its weight

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth:e1:o3:1
# text = The measurement of its weight
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	measurement	measurement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** |  |  | measurement's weight |  |  |  |  | nom measurement «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The enumeration of the rings within its teeth

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth:e1:o4:1
# text = The enumeration of the rings within its teeth
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	enumeration	enumeration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rings	ring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	within	within	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enumerate** |  |  | the rings |  |  |  | within enumeration's teeth | nom enumeration «communication transitive»: of=patient within=obl |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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