---
title: Identify the means by which bats locate obstacles and prey in comple… — Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the means by which bats locate obstacles and prey in complete darkness. Exam question 1 of lesson 179 «Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm, glowworms and a sealed cave» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each opt
---

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# Exam question 1 · Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm, glowworms and a se…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the means by which bats locate obstacles and prey in complete darkness.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, the, bats · **What happens:** identify, mean, locate · **To what, where:** obstacles, complete darkness · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 179 «Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm, glowworms and a sealed cave» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave:e1:1
# text = Identify the means by which bats locate obstacles and prey in complete darkness.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
6	bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	locate	locate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	obstacles	obstacle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	complete	complete	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **locate** | present | bats | obstacles and prey |  | complete darkness |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They emit light from their mouths

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave:e1:o1:1
# text = They emit light from their mouths
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	emit	emit	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	mouths	mouth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **emit** | present | They | light |  | their mouths |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source light=Theme |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They emit clicks and interpret the returning echoes

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave:e1:o2:1
# text = They emit clicks and interpret the returning echoes
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	emit	emit	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	clicks	click	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	interpret	interpret	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	returning	returning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **emit** | present | They | clicks |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source click=Theme |
| 2 | **interpret** | present | They *not said here* | the returning echoes |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent echo=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They rely exclusively upon touch

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave:e1:o3:1
# text = They rely exclusively upon touch
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rely	rely	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	touch	touch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rely** | present | They |  |  |  |  | upon touch; exclusively *property* | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They perceive heat with their wings

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave:e1:o4:1
# text = They perceive heat with their wings
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	perceive	perceive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perceive** | present | They | heat |  |  |  | with their wings | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer heat=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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