---
title: «those birds have tiny wings, they must be babies» What is more like… — The Galápagos: giant tortoises, sea ig… · tree and pragmatics
description: «those birds have tiny wings, they must be babies» What is more likely on the Galápagos? Test 9 · ★★ of lesson 180 «The Galápagos: giant tortoises, sea iguanas, Darwin's finches and tame sea lions» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the questio
---

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# Test 9 · ★★ · The Galápagos: giant tortoises, sea iguanas, Darwin's finc…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«those birds have tiny wings, they must be babies» What is more likely on the Galápagos?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** birds, babies · **What happens:** have, be · **To what, where:** tiny wings, babies, Galápagos

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 9 · ★★ of lesson 180 «The Galápagos: giant tortoises, sea iguanas, Darwin's finches and tame sea lions» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions/#t9).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions:t9:1
# text = «those birds have tiny wings, they must be babies» What is more likely on the Galápagos?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	cop	_	_
11	babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	16	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	16	advmod	_	_
16	likely	likely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	Galápagos	Galápagos	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present | that birds | tiny wings |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | must | birds *= bird* | babies |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | babies |  |  | the Galápagos |  | likely *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bats

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions:t9:o1:1
# text = Bats
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins in disguise

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions:t9:o2:1
# text = Penguins in disguise
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	disguise	disguise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Babies that will grow huge wings

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions:t9:o3:1
# text = Babies that will grow huge wings
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	acl:relcl	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | future | Babies | huge wings |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location wing=Theme |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They are flightless cormorants, whose wings shrank over generations

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:180-the-galapagos-giant-tortoises-sea-iguanas-darwins-finches-and-tame-sea-lions:t9:o4:1
# text = They are flightless cormorants, whose wings shrank over generations
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	flightless	flightless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cormorants	cormorant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	shrank	shrink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	generations	generation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | They | flightless cormorants |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **shrink** | past | wings |  |  |  | over generations |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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