---
title: Identify the principal difficulty presented to animals by the atmosp… — Mountains of the world: snow leopards,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal difficulty presented to animals by the atmosphere at high altitude. Exam question 1 of lesson 183 «Mountains of the world: snow leopards, high-flying geese, condors and Everest spiders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Mountains of the world: snow leopards, high-flying geese,…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal difficulty presented to animals by the atmosphere at high altitude.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, present · **To what, where:** principal difficulty, animals

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 183 «Mountains of the world: snow leopards, high-flying geese, condors and Everest spiders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal difficulty presented to animals by the atmosphere at high altitude.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	presented	present	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	atmosphere	atmosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	altitude	altitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal difficulty |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent difficulty=Theme |
| 2 | **present** | participle |  | the principal difficulty *not said here* | animals |  |  | by the atmosphere at high altitude | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to animal=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each breath contains less oxygen owing to the thinness of the air

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders:e1:o1:1
# text = Each breath contains less oxygen owing to the thinness of the air
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	breath	breath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	owing	owe	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	thinness	thinness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | each breath | less oxygen |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot oxygen=Theme |
| 2 | **owe** | gerund | less oxygen *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the thinness of the air *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to thinness=Goal |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air is devoid of all gases

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders:e1:o2:1
# text = The air is devoid of all gases
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	devoid	devoid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the air |  |  |  |  | of all gases; devoid *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air is warmer than at sea level, and warm air is harder to breathe

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders:e1:o3:1
# text = The air is warmer than at sea level, and warm air is harder to breathe
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	warmer	warm	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the air |  |  |  |  | than sea level; warm *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | warm air |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **breathe** | to-infinitive | warm air *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The air contains an excess of oxygen

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:183-mountains-of-the-world-snow-leopards-high-flying-geese-condors-and-everest-spiders:e1:o4:1
# text = The air contains an excess of oxygen
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	excess	excess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | the air | a excess of oxygen |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot excess=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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