--- title: Identify the means by which the cuttlefish alters its colouration. — Masters of camouflage · tree and pragmatics description: Identify the means by which the cuttlefish alters its colouration. Exam question 1 of lesson 189 «Masters of camouflage» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/e1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/) / [Masters of camouflage](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/) / e1 # Exam question 1 · Masters of camouflage Identify the means by which the cuttlefish alters its colouration. **Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, the, cuttlefish · **What happens:** identify, mean, alter · **To what, where:** colouration This is exam question 1 of lesson 189 «Masters of camouflage» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/#e1). ## The question {#question} ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:189-masters-of-camouflage:e1:1 # text = Identify the means by which the cuttlefish alters its colouration. 1 Identify identify VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 nsubj _ _ 3 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 ccomp _ _ 4 by by ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 obl _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 8 alters alter VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 9 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ _ 10 colouration colouration NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 11 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | | | | | | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 2 | **mean** | present | the | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **alter** | present | the cuttlefish | cuttlefish's colouration | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent colouration=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The options {#options} ### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1} It applies its own ink to its skin ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:189-masters-of-camouflage:e1:o1:1 # text = It applies its own ink to its skin 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _ 2 applies apply VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ _ 4 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 amod _ _ 5 ink ink NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 6 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _ 8 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **apply** | present | It | its own ink | | | | to ink's skin | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ink=Theme | ### Option 2 {#o2} It replaces its skin entirely ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:189-masters-of-camouflage:e1:o2:1 # text = It replaces its skin entirely 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _ 2 replaces replace VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ _ 4 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 5 entirely entirely ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **replace** | present | It | its skin | | | | entirely *property* | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme skin=Co-Theme | ### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3} Specialised skin cells expand and contract to display different pigments ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:189-masters-of-camouflage:e1:o3:1 # text = Specialised skin cells expand and contract to display different pigments 1 Specialised specialis VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 amod _ _ 2 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 cells cell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 expand expand VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 6 contract contract VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 7 to to PART TO _ 8 mark _ _ 8 display display VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _ 9 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 10 pigments pigment NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **specialis** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **expand** | present | Specialised skin cells | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **contract** | present | Specialised skin cells *not said here* | | | | | | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute | | 4 | **display** | to-infinitive | Specialised skin cells *not said here* | different pigments | | | | | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pigment=Theme | ### Option 4 {#o4} It ingests pigmented food ```conllu # sent_id = question:biology:189-masters-of-camouflage:e1:o4:1 # text = It ingests pigmented food 1 It it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _ 2 ingests ingest VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 pigmented pigment VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 amod _ _ 4 food food NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **ingest** | present | It | pigmented food | | | | | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal food=Theme | | 2 | **pigment** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | **Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License. - ← previous: [Masters of camouflage, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/t11/) - next →: [Masters of camouflage, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/e2/) - ↑ back to [Masters of camouflage](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/189-masters-of-camouflage/)