---
title: Ascertain the principal cause of laboured breathing in the pug and t… — Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the principal cause of laboured breathing in the pug and the bulldog. Exam question 3 of lesson 192 «Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 3 · Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the principal cause of laboured breathing in the pug and the bulldog.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** ascertain, labour, breathe · **To what, where:** principal cause, pug

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 192 «Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds:e3:1
# text = Ascertain the principal cause of laboured breathing in the pug and the bulldog.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	laboured	labour	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
7	breathing	breathe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pug	pug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal cause |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cause=Topic |
| 2 | **labour** | participle |  | the principal cause *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn work-73.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **breathe** | gerund |  |  |  | the pug and the bulldog |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flattening of the face through breeding, which constricts the airways

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds:e3:o1:1
# text = The flattening of the face through breeding, which constricts the airways
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flattening	flattening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	breeding	breeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	constricts	constrict	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	airways	airway	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constrict** | present | the flattening of the face through breeding | the airways |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent airway=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The habitual consumption of cold water

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds:e3:o2:1
# text = The habitual consumption of cold water
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	habitual	habitual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	consumption	consumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consume** |  |  | cold water |  |  |  |  | nom consumption «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An inherited fondness for snoring, passed down unchanged from the wolf

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds:e3:o3:1
# text = An inherited fondness for snoring, passed down unchanged from the wolf
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	inherited	inherit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	fondness	fondness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	snoring	snoring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	aux:pass	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	unchanged	unchang	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **inherit** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **unchang** | participle · passive |  | a inherited fondness for snoring |  | the wolf |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The excessive length of the tongue, which blocks the throat during sleep

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds:e3:o4:1
# text = The excessive length of the tongue, which blocks the throat during sleep
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	excessive	excessive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	blocks	block	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	throat	throat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	during	during	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **block** | present | the excessive length of the tongue | the throat |  |  | during sleep |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer throat=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds/e2/)
- next →: [Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds/)