---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises posi… — Training a dog with rewards and patience · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises positive reinforcement? Exam question 1 of lesson 195 «Training a dog with rewards and patience» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice w
---

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# Exam question 1 · Training a dog with rewards and patience

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises positive reinforcement?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** positive reinforcement

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 195 «Training a dog with rewards and patience» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises positive reinforcement?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	positive	positive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | positive reinforcement |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A punishment which follows an action renders that action more probable on every occasion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e1:o1:1
# text = A punishment which follows an action renders that action more probable on every occasion
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	punishment	punishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	follows	follow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	renders	render	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
9	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
11	probable	probable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
14	occasion	occasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | present | a punishment | a action renders |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent render=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reward which follows an action renders that action more probable

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e1:o2:1
# text = A reward which follows an action renders that action more probable
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reward	reward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	follows	follow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	renders	render	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	det	_	_
9	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:unmarked	_	_
10	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
11	probable	probable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | present | a reward | a action renders  that action |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent render=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is applicable exclusively to young dogs

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e1:o3:1
# text = It is applicable exclusively to young dogs
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	applicable	applicable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | to young dogs; applicable, exclusively *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It operates only upon fish

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e1:o4:1
# text = It operates only upon fish
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	operates	operate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **operate** | present | It | fish |  |  |  |  | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Theme fish=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Training a dog with rewards and patience, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience/t12/)
- next →: [Training a dog with rewards and patience, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience/e2/)
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