---
title: Identify the principal function of the clicker employed in animal tr… — Training a dog with rewards and patience · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal function of the clicker employed in animal training. Exam question 2 of lesson 195 «Training a dog with rewards and patience» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 2 · Training a dog with rewards and patience

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal function of the clicker employed in animal training.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, employ · **To what, where:** principal function, clicker, animal training

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This is exam question 2 of lesson 195 «Training a dog with rewards and patience» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal function of the clicker employed in animal training.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	function	function	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	clicker	clicker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	training	training	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal function of the clicker |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent function=Theme |
| 2 | **employ** | participle |  | the clicker *not said here* |  | animal training |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To signal the conclusion of the meal

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e2:o1:1
# text = To signal the conclusion of the meal
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	signal	signal	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	meal	meal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **signal** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  | the conclusion of the meal |  |  |  |  | vn instr\_communication-37.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conclusion=Topic |
| 2 | **conclude** |  |  | the meal |  |  |  |  | nom conclusion «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To frighten the animal into compliance by means of a sudden sharp noise

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e2:o2:1
# text = To frighten the animal into compliance by means of a sudden sharp noise
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	frighten	frighten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	compliance	compliance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frighten** | to-infinitive |  | the animal |  | compliance |  |  | vn bully-59.5 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent animal=Patient into compliance=Eventuality |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of a sudden sharp noise | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To summon other animals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e2:o3:1
# text = To summon other animals
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	summon	summon	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **summon** | to-infinitive |  |  | other animals |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Recipient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To mark the precise moment at which the desired action was performed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:195-training-a-dog-with-rewards-and-patience:e2:o4:1
# text = To mark the precise moment at which the desired action was performed
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	mark	mark	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	precise	precise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	desired	desire	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	performed	perform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mark** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | moment |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **desire** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **perform** | past · passive |  | the desired action |  |  | at the precise moment |  | vn performance-26.7 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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