---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The rainforest from the top: emergent… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the rainforest canopy? Exam question 1 of lesson 2 «The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova
---

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# Exam question 1 · The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the rainforest canopy?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** rainforest canopy

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 2 «The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/2-the-rainforest-from-the-top/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:2-the-rainforest-from-the-top:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the rainforest canopy?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	rainforest	rainforest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the rainforest canopy |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The canopy constitutes the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches, situated approximately thirty to forty-five metres above the ground

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:2-the-rainforest-from-the-top:e1:o1:1
# text = The canopy constitutes the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches, situated approximately thirty to forty-five metres above the ground
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	dense	dense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	foliage	foliage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	branches	branch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	situated	situate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
14	approximately	approximately	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	thirty	thirty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	forty	forty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	conj	_	_
20	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
21	above	above	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constitute** | present | the canopy | the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stratum=Pivot |
| 2 | **situate** | participle | the dense upper stratum of foliage and branches *not said here* | thirty metres |  | the ground |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent above ground=Destination |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The canopy constitutes the isolated giant trees projecting above all others

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:2-the-rainforest-from-the-top:e1:o2:1
# text = The canopy constitutes the isolated giant trees projecting above all others
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	isolated	isolated	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
8	projecting	project	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
9	above	above	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constitute** | present | the canopy | the isolated giant trees |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Pivot |
| 2 | **project** | gerund | the isolated giant trees *not said here* |  |  | all others |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme above other=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The canopy constitutes the forest floor beneath the trees, upon which little light falls and few plants are able to grow

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:2-the-rainforest-from-the-top:e1:o3:1
# text = The canopy constitutes the forest floor beneath the trees, upon which little light falls and few plants are able to grow
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
13	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	falls	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
17	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	conj	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constitute** | present | the canopy | the forest floor |  |  |  | beneath the trees | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme floor=Pivot |
| 2 | **fall** | present | little light |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon which=Location |
| 3 | **is** | present | few plants |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **grow** | to-infinitive | few plants *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The canopy constitutes the river system traversing the forest

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:2-the-rainforest-from-the-top:e1:o4:1
# text = The canopy constitutes the river system traversing the forest
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canopy	canopy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	traversing	traverse	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **constitute** | present | the canopy | the river system |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme system=Pivot |
| 2 | **traverse** | gerund | the river system *not said here* | the forest |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme forest=Co-Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [The rainforest from the top: emergent…, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/2-the-rainforest-from-the-top/t11/)
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