---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The fish tank: water, gills, heaters a… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the necessity of cycling a newly established aquarium? Exam question 1 of lesson 203 «The fish tank: water, gills, heaters and the right neighbours» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics
---

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# Exam question 1 · The fish tank: water, gills, heaters and the right neighbo…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the necessity of cycling a newly established aquarium?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** necessity · **What happens:** follow, characteris, cycle, establish · **To what, where:** necessity, established aquarium

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 203 «The fish tank: water, gills, heaters and the right neighbours» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the necessity of cycling a newly established aquarium?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	necessity	necessity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	cycling	cycle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	newly	newly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	aquarium	aquarium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the necessity |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **cycle** | gerund | the necessity *not said here* | a established aquarium |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme aquarium=Location |
| 4 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | newly *property* | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Time is required for beneficial bacteria to develop which break down the waste of the fish

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours:e1:o1:1
# text = Time is required for beneficial bacteria to develop which break down the waste of the fish
1	Time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	beneficial	beneficial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	develop	develop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	break	break	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	down	down	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** | present · passive |  | Time |  |  |  | for beneficial bacteria | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **develop** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **break down** | present |  | the waste of the fish |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent waste=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fish must be trained to swim in circles

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours:e1:o2:1
# text = The fish must be trained to swim in circles
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	trained	train	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **train** | must · passive |  | the fish |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 2 | **swim** | to-infinitive | the fish *not said here* |  |  | circles |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in circle=Trajectory |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glass must be allowed to harden

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours:e1:o3:1
# text = The glass must be allowed to harden
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	harden	harden	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **allow** | must · passive |  | the glass |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **harden** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the glass *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The water must be boiled before the fish are introduced, so that no living thing remains in it

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:203-the-fish-tank-water-gills-heaters-and-the-right-neighbours:e1:o4:1
# text = The water must be boiled before the fish are introduced, so that no living thing remains in it
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	boiled	boil	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	17	mark	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	16	det	_	_
15	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	remains	remain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **boil** | must · passive |  | the water |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **introduce** | present · passive |  | the fish |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **remain** | present | no living thing |  |  |  |  | in fish | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in it=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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