---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Budgies and canaries · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the colouration of wild budgerigars? Exam question 1 of lesson 205 «Budgies and canaries» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wron
---

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# Exam question 1 · Budgies and canaries

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the colouration of wild budgerigars?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** colouration

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 205 «Budgies and canaries» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/205-budgies-and-canaries/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the colouration of wild budgerigars?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	colouration	colouration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the colouration of wild budgerigars |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wild budgerigars are predominantly blue, the green birds having arisen solely through breeding in captivity

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries:e1:o1:1
# text = Wild budgerigars are predominantly blue, the green birds having arisen solely through breeding in captivity
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	predominantly	predominantly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	aux	_	_
11	arisen	arise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
12	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	through	through	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	breeding	breeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	captivity	captivity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Wild budgerigars |  |  |  |  | blue, predominantly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **arise** | gerund · perfect · passive |  | the green birds |  | breeding |  | in captivity; solely *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wild budgerigars are uniformly green and yellow, other colours having arisen through breeding

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries:e1:o2:1
# text = Wild budgerigars are uniformly green and yellow, other colours having arisen through breeding
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	uniformly	uniformly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	aux	_	_
12	arisen	arise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
13	through	through	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	breeding	breeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Wild budgerigars |  |  |  |  | green, uniformly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Wild budgerigars *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **arise** | gerund · perfect | other colours |  |  | breeding |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through breeding=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wild budgerigars occur in every colour

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries:e1:o3:1
# text = Wild budgerigars occur in every colour
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	occur	occur	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **occur** | present | Wild budgerigars |  |  | every colour |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in colour=Location |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wild budgerigars are entirely white

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries:e1:o4:1
# text = Wild budgerigars are entirely white
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	budgerigars	budgerigar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Wild budgerigars |  |  |  |  | entirely, white *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Budgies and canaries, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/205-budgies-and-canaries/t12/)
- next →: [Budgies and canaries, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/205-budgies-and-canaries/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Budgies and canaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/205-budgies-and-canaries/)