---
title: It is given that a herd of cattle is observed lying down in a pastur… — Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cap… · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that a herd of cattle is observed lying down in a pasture. Ascertain the conclusion which may properly be drawn. Exam question 3 of lesson 209 «Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cape myth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the que
---

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# Exam question 3 · Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cape myth

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that a herd of cattle is observed lying down in a pasture. Ascertain the conclusion which may properly be drawn.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** give, observe, lie down, ascertain, draw · **To what, where:** It, herd, pasture, conclusion

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 209 «Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cape myth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth/#e3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that a herd of cattle is observed lying down in a pasture.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:1
# text = It is given that a herd of cattle is observed lying down in a pasture.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	herd	herd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
11	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	pasture	pasture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **observe** | present · passive |  | a herd of cattle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **lie down** | gerund |  |  |  | a pasture |  | down *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in pasture=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Ascertain the conclusion which may properly be drawn.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:2
# text = Ascertain the conclusion which may properly be drawn.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
6	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the conclusion |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conclusion=Topic |
| 2 | **draw** | may · passive |  | the conclusion |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Precipitation is certain within the hour, the animals having sensed the approach of the rain

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:o1:1
# text = Precipitation is certain within the hour, the animals having sensed the approach of the rain
1	Precipitation	precipitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	within	within	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	aux	_	_
11	sensed	sense	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	approach	approach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Precipitation |  |  |  | hour | certain *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sense** | gerund · perfect · passive |  | the animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **approach** |  | the rain |  |  |  |  |  | nom approach «act intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The animals are resting and ruminating, and no forecast of the weather may be inferred

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:o2:1
# text = The animals are resting and ruminating, and no forecast of the weather may be inferred
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	resting	rest	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	ruminating	ruminate	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
9	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	10	det	_	_
10	forecast	forecast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	inferred	infer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rest** | present · progressive | the animals |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **ruminate** | gerund | the animals *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **infer** | may · passive |  | no forecast of the weather |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **forecast** |  |  | the weather |  |  |  |  | nom forecast «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The animals are gravely ill

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:o3:1
# text = The animals are gravely ill
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	gravely	gravely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the animals |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Snowfall is imminent

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth:e3:o4:1
# text = Snowfall is imminent
1	Snowfall	snowfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	imminent	imminent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Snowfall |  |  |  |  | imminent *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cap…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth/e2/)
- next →: [Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cap…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Cows: cud, milk, burps and the red cape myth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/209-cows-cud-milk-burps-and-the-red-cape-myth/)