---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Pigs: mud, snouts and brains · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the practice of wallowing in mud among pigs? Exam question 1 of lesson 210 «Pigs: mud, snouts and brains» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's
---

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# Exam question 1 · Pigs: mud, snouts and brains

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the practice of wallowing in mud among pigs?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** practice · **What happens:** follow, characteris, wallow · **To what, where:** practice, mud

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 210 «Pigs: mud, snouts and brains» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the practice of wallowing in mud among pigs?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	wallowing	wallow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	among	among	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	pigs	pig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the practice |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **wallow** | gerund | the practice *not said here* |  |  | mud |  | among pigs | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wallowing serves solely to conceal the animal from predators

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains:e1:o1:1
# text = Wallowing serves solely to conceal the animal from predators
1	Wallowing	wallow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	serves	serve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	conceal	conceal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	predators	predator	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wallow** | gerund |  | serves |  |  |  | solely *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **conceal** | to-infinitive |  | the animal |  | predators |  |  | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent animal=Patient from predator=Beneficiary |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mud is consumed as the principal food of the pig

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains:e1:o2:1
# text = Mud is consumed as the principal food of the pig
1	Mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	consumed	consume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pig	pig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consume** | present · passive |  | Mud |  |  |  | as the principal food of the pig | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mud serves to cool an animal largely incapable of sweating and to protect its skin from the sun

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains:e1:o3:1
# text = Mud serves to cool an animal largely incapable of sweating and to protect its skin from the sun
1	Mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	serves	serve	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cool	cool	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	largely	largely	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	incapable	incapable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
9	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	sweating	sweat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **serve** | present | Mud |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cool** | to-infinitive | Mud *not said here* | a animal |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **sweat** | gerund | incapable *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **protect** | to-infinitive | Mud *not said here* | Mud's skin |  |  |  | from the sun | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent skin=Beneficiary from sun=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wallowing is undertaken because pigs prefer filth to any clean place in which to rest

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:210-pigs-mud-snouts-and-brains:e1:o4:1
# text = Wallowing is undertaken because pigs prefer filth to any clean place in which to rest
1	Wallowing	wallow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	undertaken	undertake	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	pigs	pig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	prefer	prefer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	filth	filth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
10	clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wallow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **undertake** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **prefer** | present | pigs | filth |  |  |  | to any clean place | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer filth=Stimulus |
| 4 | **rest** | to-infinitive | pigs *not said here* |  |  | any clean place |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in which=Location |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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