---
title: Ascertain the reason for which a butterfly is observed to rest with… — Butterflies, moths and ladybirds · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the reason for which a butterfly is observed to rest with its wings extended in direct sunlight. Exam question 4 of lesson 219 «Butterflies, moths and ladybirds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova
---

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# Exam question 4 · Butterflies, moths and ladybirds

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the reason for which a butterfly is observed to rest with its wings extended in direct sunlight.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** ascertain, observe, rest, extend · **To what, where:** reason, butterfly, wings, direct sunlight

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 219 «Butterflies, moths and ladybirds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds:e4:1
# text = Ascertain the reason for which a butterfly is observed to rest with its wings extended in direct sunlight.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	extended	extend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	direct	direct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the reason |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Topic |
| 2 | **observe** | present · passive |  | a butterfly |  |  |  | for the reason | tree rules |
| 3 | **rest** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with butterfly's wings | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **extend** | participle |  | butterfly's wings *not said here* |  | direct sunlight |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sunlight=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The insect is displaying its colours to human observers in the garden

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds:e4:o1:1
# text = The insect is displaying its colours to human observers in the garden
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	displaying	display	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	observers	observer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **display** | present · progressive | the insect | insect's colours | human observers in the garden |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent colour=Theme to observer=Recipient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The insect must attain a sufficient body temperature before flight

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds:e4:o2:1
# text = The insect must attain a sufficient body temperature before flight
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	attain	attain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
9	before	before	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	flight	flight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attain** | must | the insect | a sufficient body temperature |  |  | before flight |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent temperature=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The insect is engaged in the drying of freshly consumed nectar

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds:e4:o3:1
# text = The insect is engaged in the drying of freshly consumed nectar
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	engaged	engage	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	drying	drying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	freshly	freshly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	consumed	consume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	nectar	nectar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **engage** | present · passive |  | the insect |  |  |  | in the drying of consumed nectar *goal* | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: subject=Theme in drying=Goal |
| 2 | **consume** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | freshly *property* | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The insect is depriving competing plants of sunlight

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds:e4:o4:1
# text = The insect is depriving competing plants of sunlight
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	depriving	deprive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	competing	compete	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deprive** | present · progressive | the insect | competing plants of sunlight |  |  |  |  | vn deprive-10.6.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Source |
| 2 | **compete** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Butterflies, moths and ladybirds, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/219-butterflies-moths-and-ladybirds/e3/)
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