---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the method by which an insectivorous bat locates its prey in darkness? Exam question 1 of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Echolocation: how bats see with sound

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the method by which an insectivorous bat locates its prey in darkness?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** insectivorous bat · **What happens:** follow, characteris, locate · **To what, where:** method, prey, darkness

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the method by which an insectivorous bat locates its prey in darkness?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	obl	_	_
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	insectivorous	insectivorous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	locates	locate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the method |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **locate** | present | a insectivorous bat | bat's prey |  | darkness |  | by the method | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It relies solely upon the perception of light

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:e1:o1:1
# text = It relies solely upon the perception of light
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	relies	rely	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	perception	perception	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rely** | present | It |  |  |  |  | upon the perception of light; solely *property* | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **perceive** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom perception «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is guided by the scent of nectar

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:e1:o2:1
# text = It is guided by the scent of nectar
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	guided	guide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	scent	scent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	nectar	nectar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **guide** | present · passive | the scent of nectar | It |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **scent** |  |  | nectar |  |  |  |  | nom scent «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It detects the warmth of its prey by means of sensitive organs situated in its wings

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:e1:o3:1
# text = It detects the warmth of its prey by means of sensitive organs situated in its wings
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	detects	detect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	warmth	warmth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	organs	organ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	situated	situate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **detect** | present | It | the warmth of warmth's prey |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer warmth=Stimulus |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of sensitive organs | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **situate** | participle |  | sensitive organs *not said here* |  | warmth's wings |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in wing=Destination |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It emits calls of high frequency and interprets the returning echoes

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:e1:o4:1
# text = It emits calls of high frequency and interprets the returning echoes
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	emits	emit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	calls	call	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	frequency	frequency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	interprets	interpret	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	returning	returning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **emit** | present | It | calls of high frequency |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source call=Theme |
| 2 | **interpret** | present |  | the returning echoes |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent echo=Theme |
| 3 | **call** |  |  | high frequency |  |  |  |  | nom call «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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