---
title: Some moths have fluffy wing scales. How could that help them? — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics
description: Some moths have fluffy wing scales. How could that help them? Test 11 · ★★ of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 11 · ★★ · Echolocation: how bats see with sound

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some moths have fluffy wing scales. How could that help them?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** moths, that · **What happens:** have, help · **To what, where:** fluffy wing scales, scales

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/#t11).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Some moths have fluffy wing scales.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:1
# text = Some moths have fluffy wing scales.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	moths	moth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	fluffy	fluffy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	wing	wing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	scales	scale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some moths | fluffy wing scales |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scale=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* How could that help them?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:2
# text = How could that help them?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
4	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | could | that | scales *= scale* |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fluff soaks up sound, so the bat hears less echo

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:o1:1
# text = The fluff soaks up sound, so the bat hears less echo
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	soaks	soak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	hears	hear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	echo	echo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **soak up** | present | the fluff | sound |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent sound=Source |
| 2 | **hear** | present | the bat | less echo |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer echo=Stimulus |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fluff makes them fly much faster

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:o2:1
# text = The fluff makes them fly much faster
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	much	much	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	faster	fast	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	5	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the fluff | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fly** | infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fluff tickles the bat's nose so that it sneezes and lets go

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:o3:1
# text = The fluff tickles the bat's nose so that it sneezes and lets go
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tickles	tickle	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	11	mark	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	sneezes	sneeze	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
14	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tickle** | present | the fluff | the bat's nose |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nose=Experiencer |
| 2 | **sneeze** | present | fluff |  |  |  |  |  | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **let** | present | the fluff *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | infinitive | the fluff *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fluff makes them glow

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound:t11:o4:1
# text = The fluff makes them glow
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	glow	glow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the fluff | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **glow** | infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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