---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the leadership of an orca group? Exam question 2 of lesson 235 «Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question an
---

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# Exam question 2 · Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the leadership of an orca group?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** leadership

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 235 «Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the leadership of an orca group?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	leadership	leadership	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	orca	orca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the leadership of a orca group |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The group possesses no leader whatsoever

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs:e2:o1:1
# text = The group possesses no leader whatsoever
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	possesses	possess	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present | the group | no leader |  |  |  | whatsoever *property* | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot leader=Theme |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The group is led by a different whale each day, chosen by the strength of its calls

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs:e2:o2:1
# text = The group is led by a different whale each day, chosen by the strength of its calls
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	calls	call	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present · passive | a different whale | the group |  |  | day |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **choose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by the strength of group's calls | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **call** |  | group |  |  |  |  |  | nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The group is led by the youngest calf

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs:e2:o3:1
# text = The group is led by the youngest calf
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	youngest	young	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	8	amod	_	_
8	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present · passive | the youngest calf | the group |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The group is led by an aged female whose memory of food sources aids its survival

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs:e2:o4:1
# text = The group is led by an aged female whose memory of food sources aids its survival
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	aged	aged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	female	female	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:agent	_	_
9	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	memory	memory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	sources	source	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	aids	aid	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	survival	survival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present · passive | a aged female | the group |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **aid** | present | memory of food sources | memory's survival |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent survival=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **survive** |  | memory |  |  |  |  |  | nom survival «state transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/e1/)
- next →: [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/)