---
title: In a cartoon a witch says touching a toad gives you warts. What is r… — Defences: poison, warning colours and… · tree and pragmatics
description: In a cartoon a witch says touching a toad gives you warts. What is right? Test 1 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 1 · Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a cartoon a witch says touching a toad gives you warts. What is right?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** witch, touching · **What happens:** say, touch, give, be · **To what, where:** cartoon, toad, warts, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/#t1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In a cartoon a witch says touching a toad gives you warts.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:1
# text = In a cartoon a witch says touching a toad gives you warts.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	touching	touch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	csubj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	iobj	_	_
12	warts	wart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a witch |  |  | a cartoon |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **touch** | gerund |  | a toad |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme toad=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **give** | present | touching | warts | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient wart=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is right?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:2
# text = What is right?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is true, but only on Fridays

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:o1:1
# text = It is true, but only on Fridays
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Fridays	Friday	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  | friday | true *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warts come from a human virus, but wash your hands after holding a toad

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:o2:1
# text = Warts come from a human virus, but wash your hands after holding a toad
1	Warts	wart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	wash	wash	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
13	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Warts |  |  | a human virus |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from virus=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **wash** | infinitive | Warts *not said here* | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 3 | **hold** | gerund | Warts *not said here* | a toad |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toad=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is true, toads give you warts at once, wherever they touch your skin

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:o3:1
# text = It is true, toads give you warts at once, wherever they touch your skin
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	toads	toad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	iobj	_	_
8	warts	wart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	wherever	wherever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	touch	touch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
15	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | present | toads | warts | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent you=Recipient wart=Theme at once=Asset |
| 3 | **touch** | present | toads *= toad* | your skin |  |  |  | wherever *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme skin=Co-Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warts come from frogs but never from toads

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t1:o4:1
# text = Warts come from frogs but never from toads
1	Warts	wart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	toads	toad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Warts |  |  |  |  | from frogs but toads | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from frog=Initial\_Location |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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