---
title: «that hedgehog chewed a toad and now he's frothing, is he mad» What… — Defences: poison, warning colours and… · tree and pragmatics
description: «that hedgehog chewed a toad and now he's frothing, is he mad» What is going on? Test 11 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 11 · Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«that hedgehog chewed a toad and now he's frothing, is he mad» What is going on?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** hedgehog · **What happens:** chew, froth, be, go on · **To what, where:** toad

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/#t11).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t11:1
# text = «that hedgehog chewed a toad and now he's frothing, is he mad» What is going on?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	hedgehog	hedgehog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	chewed	chew	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
8	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	frothing	froth	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	mad	mad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** *in a quote* | past | that hedgehog | a toad |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toad=Patient |
| 2 | **froth** *in a quote* | present · progressive | hedgehog |  |  |  | now |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | hedgehog |  |  |  |  | mad *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **go on** | present · progressive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn function-105.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is laughing at the toad

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t11:o1:1
# text = It is laughing at the toad
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	laughing	laugh	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **laugh** | present · progressive | It |  |  |  |  | at the toad | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It has rabies for sure

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t11:o2:1
# text = It has rabies for sure
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rabies	rabies	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | It | rabies |  |  |  | for sure | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rabies=Patient |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is self-anointing, spreading the frothy spit on its spines

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t11:o3:1
# text = It is self-anointing, spreading the frothy spit on its spines
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	self	self	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	anointing	anoint	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	frothy	frothy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	spit	spit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	spines	spine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **anoint** | present · progressive | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spread** | gerund |  | the frothy spit |  | spit's spines |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent spit=Theme on spine=Destination |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is blowing bubbles to call its friends over for a toad feast

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics:t11:o4:1
# text = It is blowing bubbles to call its friends over for a toad feast
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	blowing	blow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	bubbles	bubble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	over	over	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	toad	toad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	feast	feast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | present · progressive | It | bubbles |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent bubble=Patient |
| 2 | **call over** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  | its friends |  |  |  | for a toad feast; over *property* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent friend=Theme for feast=Beneficiary |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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