---
title: Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning… — Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog… · tree and pragmatics
description: Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the defence of the bombardier beetle. Exam question 3 of lesson 248 «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of
---

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# Exam question 3 · Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the defence of the bombardier beetle.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, established facts · **What happens:** select, establish, concern, defend · **To what, where:** response, defence, bombardier beetle

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 248 «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:e3:1
# text = Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the defence of the bombardier beetle.
1	Select	select	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	response	response	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	bombardier	bombardier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **select** | imperative | you *not said here* | the response |  |  |  | consistent *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme |
| 2 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **concern** | gerund | the established facts *not said here* | the defence of the bombardier beetle |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus defence=Experiencer |
| 4 | **defend** |  |  | the bombardier beetle |  |  |  |  | nom defence «process transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It stings with a venomous appendage upon its head, injecting a paralysing fluid

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:e3:o1:1
# text = It stings with a venomous appendage upon its head, injecting a paralysing fluid
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stings	sting	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	venomous	venomous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	appendage	appendage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	injecting	inject	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	paralysing	paralysing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	fluid	fluid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sting** | present | It |  |  |  |  | with a venomous appendage upon appendage's head | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **inject** | gerund |  | a paralysing fluid |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluid=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It feigns death for a period of several hours

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:e3:o2:1
# text = It feigns death for a period of several hours
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	feigns	feign	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feign** | present | It | death |  |  |  | for a period of several hours | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent death=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It emits a beam of light which dazzles its attackers

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:e3:o3:1
# text = It emits a beam of light which dazzles its attackers
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	emits	emit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	dazzles	dazzle	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	attackers	attacker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **emit** | present | It | a beam of light |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source beam=Theme |
| 2 | **dazzle** | present | a beam of light | light's attackers |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus attacker=Experiencer |
| 3 | **beam** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom beam «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two chemicals are combined within a chamber and react to discharge a boiling spray

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:e3:o4:1
# text = Two chemicals are combined within a chamber and react to discharge a boiling spray
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	combined	combine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	chamber	chamber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	react	react	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	discharge	discharge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	boiling	boiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	spray	spray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **combine** | present · passive |  | Two chemicals |  |  |  | within a chamber | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **react** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **discharge** | to-infinitive |  | a boiling spray |  |  |  |  | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spray=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ↑ back to [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/)