---
title: In a cartoon a tortoise jumps out of its shell and runs off in its p… — Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog… · tree and pragmatics
description: In a cartoon a tortoise jumps out of its shell and runs off in its pants. What is true? Test 3 of lesson 248 «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice 
---

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# Test 3 · Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a cartoon a tortoise jumps out of its shell and runs off in its pants. What is true?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** tortoise · **What happens:** jump out, run off, be · **To what, where:** shell, cartoon, pants

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 3 of lesson 248 «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/#t3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In a cartoon a tortoise jumps out of its shell and runs off in its pants.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:1
# text = In a cartoon a tortoise jumps out of its shell and runs off in its pants.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tortoise	tortoise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	jumps	jump	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
13	off	off	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	pants	pants	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **jump out** | present | a tortoise | tortoise's shell |  | a cartoon |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent shell=Theme in cartoon=Trajectory |
| 2 | **run off** | present | a tortoise *not said here* |  |  | tortoise's pants |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in pants=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is true?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:2
# text = What is true?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tortoises swap their old shells for bigger ones every single spring

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:o1:1
# text = Tortoises swap their old shells for bigger ones every single spring
1	Tortoises	tortoise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swap	swap	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
8	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
10	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swap** | present | Tortoises | Tortoises's old shells |  |  | spring | for bigger ones | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent shell=Theme for one=Co-Theme |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A tortoise can never leave its shell, it is part of its skeleton

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:o2:1
# text = A tortoise can never leave its shell, it is part of its skeleton
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tortoise	tortoise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **leave** | can | a tortoise | tortoise's shell |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shell=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | tortoise | part |  |  |  | of tortoise's skeleton | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tortoises keep spare shells at home

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:o3:1
# text = Tortoises keep spare shells at home
1	Tortoises	tortoise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spare	spare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Tortoises | spare shells |  | home |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent shell=Theme at home=Location |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old tortoises leave their shells behind when it is time to die

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour:t3:o4:1
# text = Old tortoises leave their shells behind when it is time to die
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	tortoises	tortoise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	leave	leave	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	die	die	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present | Old tortoises | tortoises's shells |  |  |  | behind *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shell=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | it | time |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **die** | to-infinitive | Old tortoises *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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