---
title: It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were publishe… — Horses, zebras and donkeys · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878. Ascertain what they first demonstrated. Exam question 4 of lesson 25 «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option;
---

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# Exam question 4 · Horses, zebras and donkeys

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878. Ascertain what they first demonstrated.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, photographs · **What happens:** give, publish, ascertain, demonstrate · **To what, where:** It, photographs, 1878

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 25 «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/#e4).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:1
# text = It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	photographs	photograph	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Eadweard	Eadweard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	Muybridge	Muybridge	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	published	publish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	1878	1878	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **publish** | past · passive |  | the photographs of Eadweard |  | 1878 |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Ascertain what they first demonstrated.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:2
# text = Ascertain what they first demonstrated.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	1	obj	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	advmod	_	_
5	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic |
| 2 | **demonstrate** | past | photographs *= photograph* |  |  |  |  | first *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That a horse sees almost all the way round

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:o1:1
# text = That a horse sees almost all the way round
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sees	see	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	8	det:predet	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	round	round	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | present | that horse | all way |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That horses sleep while standing

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:o2:1
# text = That horses sleep while standing
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sleep	sleep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sleep** | present | that horses |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stand** | gerund | that horses *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That a galloping horse has all four feet off the ground at one moment

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:o3:1
# text = That a galloping horse has all four feet off the ground at one moment
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	reparandum	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	galloping	gallop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
4	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gallop** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present | a galloping horse | four feet |  |  | moment | off the ground | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That zebras cannot be tamed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys:e4:o4:1
# text = That zebras cannot be tamed
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	zebras	zebra	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	tamed	tame	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **tame** | can · passive |  | that zebras |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Horses, zebras and donkeys, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/e3/)
- next →: [Whales, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/26-whales/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Horses, zebras and donkeys](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/)