---
title: State the function of the minute apertures, hereinafter referred to… — Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho… · tree and pragmatics
description: State the function of the minute apertures, hereinafter referred to as stomata, situated upon the underside of a leaf. Exam question 3 of lesson 251 «Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics
---

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# Exam question 3 · Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
State the function of the minute apertures, hereinafter referred to as stomata, situated upon the underside of a leaf.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** state, refer, situate · **To what, where:** function, hereinafter, minute apertures, underside

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 251 «Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air:e3:1
# text = State the function of the minute apertures, hereinafter referred to as stomata, situated upon the underside of a leaf.
1	State	state	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	function	function	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	minute	minute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	apertures	aperture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	hereinafter	hereinafter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	referred	refer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	obl	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	stomata	stomata	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	situated	situate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
16	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	underside	underside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **state** *speech: other* | imperative | you *not said here* | the function of the minute apertures and hereinafter |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent function=Topic |
| 2 | **refer** | participle |  | hereinafter *not said here* |  |  |  | as stomata | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **situate** | participle |  | the minute apertures and hereinafter *not said here* |  | the underside of a leaf |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon underside=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The secretion of nectar for pollinating insects

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air:e3:o1:1
# text = The secretion of nectar for pollinating insects
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	secretion	secretion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	nectar	nectar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	pollinating	pollinate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
7	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pollinate** | gerund | the secretion of nectar *not said here* | insects |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **secrete** |  |  | nectar |  |  |  |  | nom secretion «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The admission of air and the release of water vapour

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air:e3:o2:1
# text = The admission of air and the release of water vapour
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	admission	admission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	release	release	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	vapour	vapour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **admit** |  |  | air |  |  |  |  | nom admission «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The absorption of mineral salts from rainwater

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air:e3:o3:1
# text = The absorption of mineral salts from rainwater
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	absorption	absorption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	mineral	mineral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	salts	salt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rainwater	rainwater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absorb** |  |  | mineral salts from rainwater |  |  |  |  | nom absorption «process transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The anchorage of the leaf to the stem

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air:e3:o4:1
# text = The anchorage of the leaf to the stem
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	anchorage	anchorage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stem	stem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **anchor** |  |  | the leaf |  |  |  | to the stem | nom anchorage «state transitive»: of=patient to=obl |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/e2/)
- next →: [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/e4/)
- ↑ back to [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/)