---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The human body deeper: lungs, stomach… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the protection of the stomach against its own acid? Exam question 3 of lesson 262 «The human body deeper: lungs, stomach and guts» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question a
---

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# Exam question 3 · The human body deeper: lungs, stomach and guts

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the protection of the stomach against its own acid?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, protect · **To what, where:** protection, stomach

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 262 «The human body deeper: lungs, stomach and guts» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the protection of the stomach against its own acid?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	protection	protection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	against	against	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
16	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	acid	acid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the protection of the stomach against stomach's own acid |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **protect** |  |  | the stomach against stomach's own acid |  |  |  |  | nom protection «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The acid is too weak to affect any tissue

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts:e3:o1:1
# text = The acid is too weak to affect any tissue
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	acid	acid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	affect	affect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
8	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	tissue	tissue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the acid |  |  |  |  | weak *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **affect** | to-infinitive | the acid *not said here* | any tissue |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus tissue=Experiencer |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stomach is lined with bone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts:e3:o2:1
# text = The stomach is lined with bone
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	lined	line	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **line** | present · passive |  | the stomach |  |  |  | with bone | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with bone=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The acid is discharged from the body every hour, before it can cause harm to the stomach

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts:e3:o3:1
# text = The acid is discharged from the body every hour, before it can cause harm to the stomach
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	acid	acid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	discharged	discharge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
15	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discharge** | present · passive |  | the acid |  | the body | hour |  | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from body=Source |
| 2 | **cause** | can | acid | harm |  |  |  | to the stomach | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition harm=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thick layer of mucus covers its wall, and its lining is renewed every few days

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:262-human-body-deeper-lungs-stomach-and-guts:e3:o4:1
# text = A thick layer of mucus covers its wall, and its lining is renewed every few days
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	mucus	mucus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	covers	cover	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	lining	lining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	renewed	renew	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
15	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	det	_	_
16	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present | a thick layer of mucus | layer's wall |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wall=Destination |
| 2 | **renew** | present · passive |  | layer's lining |  |  | day |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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