---
title: Identify the principal reason for which the muscles of the arm are a… — The human body deeper: bones, muscles… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which the muscles of the arm are arranged in opposing pairs. Exam question 1 of lesson 263 «The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mo
---

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# Exam question 1 · The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which the muscles of the arm are arranged in opposing pairs.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, arrange, oppose · **To what, where:** principal reason, muscles, pairs

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 263 «The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which the muscles of the arm are arranged in opposing pairs.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	arranged	arrange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
14	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	opposing	oppose	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
16	pairs	pair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **arrange** | present · passive |  | the muscles of the arm |  |  |  | for the principal reason | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: subject=Product for which=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **oppose** | gerund |  | pairs |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pair=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One muscle of each pair is invariably at rest while the other labours

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin:e1:o1:1
# text = One muscle of each pair is invariably at rest while the other labours
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	pair	pair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	labours	labour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | One muscle of each pair |  |  | rest |  | the other labours *nmod*; invariably *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Muscles are capable only of pulling, and not of pushing

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin:e1:o2:1
# text = Muscles are capable only of pulling, and not of pushing
1	Muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	capable	capable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pulling	pulling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
10	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	pushing	push	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Muscles |  |  |  |  | of pulling; capable *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **push** | gerund | Muscles *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A single muscle is insufficient to support a bone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin:e1:o3:1
# text = A single muscle is insufficient to support a bone
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	support	support	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a single muscle |  |  |  |  | insufficient *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **support** | to-infinitive |  | a bone |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bone=Stimulus |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pairs are required to share a single blood supply

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin:e1:o4:1
# text = The pairs are required to share a single blood supply
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pairs	pair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	required	require	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	share	share	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	supply	supply	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **require** | present · passive |  | the pairs |  |  |  |  | vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **share** | to-infinitive |  | a single blood supply |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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