---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Br… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon termed convergence? Exam question 4 of lesson 266 «The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argentinosaurus and Brontosaurus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmati
---

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# Exam question 4 · The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argenti…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon termed convergence?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** phenomenon · **What happens:** follow, characteris, term · **To what, where:** convergence

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 266 «The long-necked giants: Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, Argentinosaurus and Brontosaurus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods:e4:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon termed convergence?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	termed	term	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
12	convergence	convergence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **term** | past | the phenomenon | convergence |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent convergence=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The descent of all organisms of one kind from a single parent within one generation

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods:e4:o1:1
# text = The descent of all organisms of one kind from a single parent within one generation
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	descent	descent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	organisms	organism	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	parent	parent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	within	within	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	generation	generation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **descend** |  | all organisms of one kind from a single parent |  |  |  | within one generation |  | nom descent «event intransitive»: of=agent within=obl |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The resemblance of offspring to their parents in appearance and habit

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods:e4:o2:1
# text = The resemblance of offspring to their parents in appearance and habit
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	resemblance	resemblance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	offspring	offspring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	habit	habit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The independent arrival of unrelated organisms at similar solutions to similar problems

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods:e4:o3:1
# text = The independent arrival of unrelated organisms at similar solutions to similar problems
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	independent	independent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	arrival	arrival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	unrelated	unrelated	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	organisms	organism	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	similar	similar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	solutions	solution	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	similar	similar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** |  | unrelated organisms at similar solutions to similar problems |  |  |  |  |  | nom arrival «act intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The seasonal movement of animals over great distances in search of food

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:266-the-long-necked-giants-sauropods:e4:o4:1
# text = The seasonal movement of animals over great distances in search of food
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	seasonal	seasonal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	over	over	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	distances	distance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	search	search	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** |  |  | animals |  | search of food |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient in=place |
| 2 | **search** |  |  | food |  |  |  |  | nom search «act transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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