---
title: «found a massive bone sticking out of the cliff, gonna dig it out wi… — Fossils: how a living thing turns to s… · tree and pragmatics
description: «found a massive bone sticking out of the cliff, gonna dig it out with dad's hammer» What is best? Test 5 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of eac
---

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# Test 5 · Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«found a massive bone sticking out of the cliff, gonna dig it out with dad's hammer» What is best?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** massive bone · **What happens:** find, stick out, dig out, be · **To what, where:** cliff · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is test 5 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up/#t5).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t5:1
# text = «found a massive bone sticking out of the cliff, gonna dig it out with dad's hammer» What is best?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	massive	massive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
6	sticking	stick	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	gonna	gonna	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	13	dep	_	_
13	dig	dig	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	out	out	ADP	RP	_	13	compound:prt	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	hammer	hammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
21	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	23	nsubj	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
23	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** *in a quote* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **stick out** *in a quote* | gerund | a massive bone *not said here* | the cliff |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent cliff=Theme |
| 3 | **dig out** *in a quote* | infinitive | a massive bone | cliff |  |  |  | with dad's hammer | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme PP.instsrument»: agent=Agent it=Theme with hammer=Instrument |
| 4 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leave it, keep away from the cliff and tell a museum

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t5:o1:1
# text = Leave it, keep away from the cliff and tell a museum
1	Leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
5	away	away	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **keep away** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  | the cliff |  | away *property* | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer from cliff=Eventuality |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | infinitive | you *not said here* | a museum |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent museum=Recipient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dig fast before the tide comes in and washes it away

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t5:o2:1
# text = Dig fast before the tide comes in and washes it away
1	Dig	dig	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	1	advmod	_	_
3	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tide	tide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	washes	wash	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **come in** | present | the tide |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **wash away** | present | the tide *not said here* | tide |  |  |  | away *property* | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hit it hard so it breaks out in one go

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t5:o3:1
# text = Hit it hard so it breaks out in one go
1	Hit	hit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	1	advmod	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	go	go	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hit** | imperative | you *not said here* | it |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **break out** | present | it |  |  | one go |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in go=Location |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Take only the end that sticks out

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t5:o4:1
# text = Take only the end that sticks out
1	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	sticks	stick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | the end |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent end=Theme |
| 2 | **stick out** | present | the end |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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