---
title: In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinos… — Fossils: how a living thing turns to s… · tree and pragmatics
description: In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon. What is closer to the truth? Test 6 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmati
---

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# Test 6 · Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon. What is closer to the truth?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** dog · **What happens:** dig, find, be · **To what, where:** cartoon, whole shiny dinosaur skeleton

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This is test 6 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up/#t6).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:1
# text = In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	digs	dig	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	finds	find	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
14	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
15	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	afternoon	afternoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | present | a dog |  |  | a cartoon |  | in the garden | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in cartoon=Location |
| 2 | **find** | present | a dog *not said here* | a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton |  |  | afternoon |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is closer to the truth?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:2
# text = What is closer to the truth?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	closer	close	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | to the truth; close *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any dog can smell fossil bones under rock

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:o1:1
# text = Any dog can smell fossil bones under rock
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	smell	smell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | can | any dog | fossil bones |  | rock |  |  | vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent bone=Theme under rock=Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Real dinosaurs are buried in gardens just under the grass

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:o2:1
# text = Real dinosaurs are buried in gardens just under the grass
1	Real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	buried	bury	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	gardens	garden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** | present · passive |  | Real dinosaurs |  | gardens |  | under the grass | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in garden=Destination |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Real fossil bones are always white and shiny

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:o3:1
# text = Real fossil bones are always white and shiny
1	Real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	6	advmod	_	_
6	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Real fossil bones |  |  |  |  | always, white *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Real fossil bones *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Real fossils are usually broken and stuck in rock, and digging one out takes months or years

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up:t6:o4:1
# text = Real fossils are usually broken and stuck in rock, and digging one out takes months or years
1	Real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	digging	dig	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	csubj	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	_
14	out	out	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
15	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
16	months	month	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | present · passive |  | Real fossils |  |  |  | usually *property* | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **dig out** | gerund |  | one |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent one=Theme |
| 3 | **take** | present | digging |  |  |  | month |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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