---
title: «a whale is a big fish, always lived in the sea» What does the evide… — Evolution: why giraffes really have lo… · tree and pragmatics
description: «a whale is a big fish, always lived in the sea» What does the evidence show? Test 11 · ★★ of lesson 278 «Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wron
---

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# Test 11 · ★★ · Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«a whale is a big fish, always lived in the sea» What does the evidence show?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** whale, big fish · **What happens:** be, live, do · **To what, where:** big fish, sea, evidence show · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 278 «Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks/#t11).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks:t11:1
# text = «a whale is a big fish, always lived in the sea» What does the evidence show?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	10	advmod	_	_
10	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
15	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	16	nsubj	_	_
16	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	show	show	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | a whale | a big fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** *in a quote* | past | a big fish |  |  | the sea |  | always *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | present |  | the evidence show |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent show=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whales came from sharks

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks:t11:o1:1
# text = Whales came from sharks
1	Whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Whales |  |  | sharks |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from shark=Initial\_Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whales came from giant squid that lost their arms and grew a tail and flippers

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks:t11:o2:1
# text = Whales came from giant squid that lost their arms and grew a tail and flippers
1	Whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	squid	squid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	flippers	flipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Whales |  |  | giant squid |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from squid=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **lose** | past | giant squid | Whales's arms |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Eventuality |
| 3 | **grow** | past | Whales *not said here* | a tail and flippers |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tail=Theme |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whales have no relatives at all

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks:t11:o3:1
# text = Whales have no relatives at all
1	Whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	relatives	relative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Whales | no relatives |  | all |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent relative=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whales come from land mammals like Pakicetus that walked on four legs

```conllu
# sent_id = question:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks:t11:o4:1
# text = Whales come from land mammals like Pakicetus that walked on four legs
1	Whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	mammals	mammal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Pakicetus	Pakicetus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Whales |  |  | land mammals like Pakicetus |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from mammal=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **walk** | past | land mammals like Pakicetus |  |  | four legs |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on leg=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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